Macam-Macam Teks bahasa Inggris dan Contohnya
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1. NARRATIVE
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure Narrative:
Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
Resolution ( provide solution to the problem).
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
Example :
Once upon a time, there was a
little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He
knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him.
Nobody wanted to help the little boy. Finally, a generous woman helped him. She
gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave
him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him,
“please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung”
as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy
continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many
people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the
ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried,
but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed
mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out
the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded. Suddenly,
from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded
the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the
generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the
“lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge
lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.
2. PROCEDURE TEXT
Procedure is the set of steps which should be completed in the
right sequence to get the goal. In our daily life, we often have to perform
some steps to make or get something done. For example, early in the morning,
you help your mother prepare cups of tea for all members of your family. In
making cups of tea, you have to follow certain procedure in order to get a nice
drink. Most of our daily activities are related with procedures. That is why,
you should understand what a procedure text is, how to make and use it. The
generic structure of procedure has three principal components namely (1)
the goal, (2) materials and (3) steps.
·
Generic Structure of procedure
1. Goal : Title of the text (especially for a recipe)
2. Materials : Optional, not for all procedural texts
3. Steps : a series steps oriented to achieving the
Goal
·
language Features
1. The use of Simple Present Tense, often in an imperative form e.g. Add
some sugar, prepare it,.
2. The use mainly of temporal
conjunction (or numbering to indicate sequence especially in written text)
Example:
How to Make Tomato Soup
How to Make Tomato Soup
To make a bowl of tomato soup, you must prepare all
ingredients below:
- 4 large tomatoes
- spices
- 1 small onion
- ½ teaspoon of salt
- 8 cups of water
- ¼ teaspoon of pepper
- small clove garlic
- ¼ teaspoon of butter
Here are the steps to make a bowl of tomato soup:
- Cut tomatoes, onions, and garlic into small pieces.
- Fry them in a pan with butter for five minutes.
- Add water, spices, salt and pepper.
- Heat until the water boils.
- Turn down the heat and cover with lid. Cook gently for one hour.
3. RECOUNT
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event.
Generic Structure of Recount:
Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened).
Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order).
Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events).
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure
Example :
Terrible Day
Last Sunday was a terrible day. My cousins and I were playing football infront of a house together to spent our time. First, it was really fun untill I kick the ball too strong, so the ball leaded into a window and I broke the window. When we want to run away, suddenly we all heard a loud voice. After that, the owner of the house came from the fence of the house, he was shouted on us. We were very afraid, but we don't know what to do. Then, one of my cousins told us to run, we all ran, and suddenly we heard a bark sound. Then we knew, that the owner of the house let his dog to chase us. And we were struggling to ran fast as we can. But, i fell down so the dog managed to catch me and bite my leg. It was really painful. Then the dog ran back to the house. My cousins took me to the doctor and told my parents. Finnaly the doctor said that i was exposed to rabies. Then i was hospitalized for one more week.
4. DESCRIPTIVE·
Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Generic Structure descriptive:
Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics).
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
Example :
Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was
built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four
corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses
the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and
perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of
self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of
213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful,
slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four
adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its
stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at
dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a
foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from
across the Jamuna river.
5. NEWS ITEM
· Purpose:
to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or
important.
Generic structure news item:
News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event).
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
Example :
Town ‘Contaminated
Events Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit SMA Students’ Modul of English 24 had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Purpose: to
presents information about something, as it is.
Text organization report: General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)
Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense
Example :
Birds.
Birds are interesting flying animals. They are
vertebrates and warm blooded animals. They belong to aves class and they can be
found all over the world.
Birds breath with their air pocket. Beside as respiration organ, air pocket also can enlarge or reduce their weight when flying or swimming.
Birds breath with their air pocket. Beside as respiration organ, air pocket also can enlarge or reduce their weight when flying or swimming.
There are many kinds of birds. Earth bird has special characteristic. They have different morphology according to their food and their habitat. Some of them eat seeds, pollen, fish or meat. There are some species that live in land and the others live in water. Land birds live on their nest.
Female birds have specific tasks. they lay eggs and feed their baby, Beside that they look for foods for their baby.
7. SPOOF
Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and
entertain the readers.
Generic structure spoof text:
Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened).Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order).
Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)·
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
Example:
Private Conversation.
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The
play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman
were sitting behind me. They were talking very loudly.I got very angry. I could
not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young woman
angrily. They did not pay any attention.In the end, I could not bear it. I
turned around again. “I could not hear a word” I said angrily.“It’s none of
your business” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation”
8. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose: To
reveal the readers that something is the important case.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:
Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates
the writer’s position)Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)·
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
Example :
The Problem of Being Too Fat
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply
defined as too much body fat inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of
health problem.
Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the
overweight, the heart will work harder. It can lead to the heart attack.
Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In
addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will
cause diabetes and other serous disease.
Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women.
They said that becoming too fat will bother their physical beauty appearance.
More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it
is clear enough that overweight is not good enough for healthy life.
9. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose: to persuade the readers that
something should or should not be the case or be done.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:
Thesis ( stating an issue of concern).Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation).
Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen).
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done.
Example :
Online Job
Online jobs are selected in part-time employment for
many, and some have taken more seriously. A growing number of people are
willing to take a job online. Working online has its advantages if we manage
efectively. Why not?
It offers flexibility and convenience that no other
job can give. We can work from home with minimal investment and get a good
income. The idea of adding weight to our pocket and makes life easier and
comfortable is the most reassuring.
The reason behind this great opportunity is that every
day there are new companies to join. Every day and every minute men are seeking
information aboute verything under the sky of the Internet.
As we know, the Internet is the answer to every
question, web sites need to update each section and also add reports on
developments that have recently joined. Therefore, it is an expansive space for
articles.
There are a number of jobs we can work online. Some of
them which strongly recommeded are writing, marketing, stock trading, and
online education. However we should be very careful because scamming opportunities
are always there.
10. EXPLANATION
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena. Generic structure explanation:
A general statement to position the reader.
A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
Closing.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
Example :
TSUNAMI
The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means
harbour ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A tsunami is a series of
waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced on a massive
scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.
11. DISCUSSION
Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of
an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’).
Generic structure discussion: Opening statement presenting the issue.
Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons).
Concluding recommendation.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
Example :
HACKING
Do you know what a hacker is? Well, a hacker is a
person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems on computers
and they like to stretch the capability of the systems. And you know what, the
activities they do in the computers are called ‘hacking’.
So, what’s the problem with ‘hacking and its hackers’?
Well, the problem is whether ‘hacking and its hackers’ is legal or illegal?
What I mean is that people in the world have many different views about hacking
and the hackers. Some of them take sides, but many object.
To get back to what I was saying previously, let us
see the positive points of a hacker, shall we? Although in most places breaking
into computer systems is considered illegal, I believe that hackers don’t do
anything illegal because they only want to know and try the systems. I dare to
say that a hacker likes finding the strengths and the weaknesses of a computer
system. They feel proud if they can find the weaknesses. So I don’t really see
the crimes in this case. In addition, these hackers sometimes help the police
catch the ‘white collar criminals’, such as bank robbers, money launderers,
credit card forgers. For example, in 2000, the U.S. hackers caught some
Singaporean hackers who made ‘Virus Love’ to break up the programs of the U.S.
National Security system.
Nevertheless, those who object to the good points of a
hacker say that hacking is a crime. The reason is that some hackers use their
brilliant skills to break into banks and other vital institutions where they
can get money, destroy information, and the worst thing is they can get secret
information and sell it to another country. This is a treachery.
Take for example, in 1994, The U.S. government broke a
conspiracy of computer hackers out of Majorca, Spain. These hackers were
responsible for accessing and eliminating 190,000 telephone credit card numbers
over computer bulletin boards in America and Europe. Seeing this fact, I don’t
blame those who think negatively about hackers.
To put the whole thing in a nut shell, I personally
think that hackers are not bad people with their brilliant skills. However,
they could be bad because of money orientation to get the wealth. That’s just
the point.
12. REVIEW
Purpose: to critique or
evaluate an art work or event for a public audience.
Generic structure review:
Orientation ( background information on the text)Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Example :
Ratatouille
I have high expectations in quality films, especially for animation. Naturally, I’ve been disappointed by the majority of animated films to come out in recent years. Then now, Ratatouille has been so refreshing.
Ratatouille, directed by Brad Bird (The Incredibles, The Iron Giant) revolve around a rat named Remy, who loves good food. Sadly, being a rat, Remy’s fellow rodents lack Remy’s sophisticated a pallette. Seeing as his love of food isn’t appreciated by his kin, Remy practices his love of cooking in secret. Enter Linguini, a simple garbage boy employed by the restaurant of legendary chef (and Remy’s idol) Auguste Gusteau. However, Gusteau has been deceased for the last years, and is now run by Gusteau’s old and short-tempered sauce-chef. After a series of madcap events, we find Linguini and Remy teaming up. Linguini wants to be accepted, and Remy wants to cook. From there you experience a story that is so charming and true that it would be unkind of me to delve into it further.
Macam-Macam Teks bahasa Inggris dan Contohnya
1. Teks Narrative
Teks yang berisi tentang sebuah cerita atau dongeng dan di dalamnya terdapat konflik/puncak masalah yang diikuti dengan penyelesaian.Generic Structure: Orientation – Complication – Resolution
Orientation berisi: Pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita
Complication berisi: Puncak masalah/konflik dalam cerita
Resolution: Pemecahan masalah
contoh :
The Wise Little Girl
Once upon a time in the immense Russian
steppe, lay a little village where nearly all the inhabitants bred
horses. It was the month of October, when a big livestock market was
held yearly in the main town. Two brothers, one rich and the other one
poor, set off for market. The rich man rode a stallion, and the poor
brother a young mare.
At dusk, they stopped beside an empty hut and tethered their horses outside, before going to sleep themselves on two heaps of straw. Great was their surprise, when, next morning they saw three horses outside, instead of two. Well, to be exact the newcomer was not really a horse. It was a foal, to which the mare had given birth during the night. Soon it had the strength to struggle to its feet, and after a drink of its mother’s milk, the foal staggered its first few steps. The stallion greeted it with a cheerful whinny, and when the two brothers set eyes on it for the first time, the foal was standing beside the stallion.
“It belongs to me!” exclaimed Dimitri, the rich brother, the minute he saw it. “It’s my stallion’s foal.” Ivan, the poor brother, began to laugh.
“Whoever heard of a stallion having a foal? It was born to my mare!”
“No, that’s not true! It was standing close to the stallion, so it’s the stallion’s foal. And therefore it’s mine!” The brothers started to quarrel, then they decided to go to town and bring the matter before the judges. Still arguing, they headed for the big square where the courtroom stood. But what they didn’t know was that it was a special day, the day when, once a year, the Emperor himself administered the law. He himself received all who came seeking justice. The brothers were ushered into his presence, and they told him all about the dispute.
Of course, the Emperor knew perfectly well who was the owner of the
foal. He was on the point of proclaiming in favor of the poor brother,
when suddenly Ivan developed an unfortunate twitch in his eye. The
Emperor was greatly annoyed by this familiarity by a humble peasant, and
decided to punish Ivan for his disrespect. After listening to both
sides of the story, he declared it was difficult, indeed impossible, to
say exactly who was the foal’s rightful owner. And being in the mood
for a spot of fun, and since he loved posing riddles and solving them
as well, to the amusement of his counselors, he exclaimed.At dusk, they stopped beside an empty hut and tethered their horses outside, before going to sleep themselves on two heaps of straw. Great was their surprise, when, next morning they saw three horses outside, instead of two. Well, to be exact the newcomer was not really a horse. It was a foal, to which the mare had given birth during the night. Soon it had the strength to struggle to its feet, and after a drink of its mother’s milk, the foal staggered its first few steps. The stallion greeted it with a cheerful whinny, and when the two brothers set eyes on it for the first time, the foal was standing beside the stallion.
“It belongs to me!” exclaimed Dimitri, the rich brother, the minute he saw it. “It’s my stallion’s foal.” Ivan, the poor brother, began to laugh.
“Whoever heard of a stallion having a foal? It was born to my mare!”
“No, that’s not true! It was standing close to the stallion, so it’s the stallion’s foal. And therefore it’s mine!” The brothers started to quarrel, then they decided to go to town and bring the matter before the judges. Still arguing, they headed for the big square where the courtroom stood. But what they didn’t know was that it was a special day, the day when, once a year, the Emperor himself administered the law. He himself received all who came seeking justice. The brothers were ushered into his presence, and they told him all about the dispute.
“I can’t judge which of you should have the foal, so it will be awarded to whichever of you solves the following four riddles: what is the fastest thing in the world? What is the fattest? What’s the softest and what is the most precious? I command you to return to the palace in a week’s time with your answers!” Dimitri started to puzzle over the answers as soon as he left the courtroom. When he reached home, however, he realized he had nobody to help him.
“Well, I’ll just have to seek help, for if I can’t solve these riddles, I’ll lose the foal!” Then he remembered a woman, one of his neighbors, to whom he had once lent a silver ducat. That had been some time ago, and with the interest, the neighbor now owed him three ducats. And since she had a reputation for being quick-witted, but also very astute, he decided to ask her advice, in exchange for canceling part of her debt. But the woman was not slow to show how astute she really was, and promptly demanded that the whole debt be wiped out in exchange for the answers.
“The fastest thing in the world is my
husband’s bay horse,” she said. “Nothing can beat it! The fattest is
our pig! Such a huge beast has never been seen! The softest is the
quilt I made for the bed, using my own goose’s feathers. It’s the envy
of all my friends. The most precious thing in the world is my
three-month old nephew. There isn’t a more handsome child. I wouldn’t
exchange him for all the gold on earth, and that makes him the most
precious thing on earth!”
Dimitri was rather doubtful about the woman’s answers being correct. On the other hand, he had to take some kind of solution back to the Emperor. And he guessed, quite rightly, that if he didn’t, he would be punished.
In the meantime, Ivan, who was a widower, had gone back to the humble cottage where he lived with his small daughter. Only seven years old, the little girl was often left alone, and as a result, was thoughtful and very clever for her age. The poor man took the little girl into his confidence, for like his brother, he knew he would never be able to find the answers by himself. The child sat in silence for a moment, then firmly said.
“Tell the Emperor that the fastest thing in the world is the cold north wind in winter. The fattest is the soil in our fields whose crops give life to men and animals alike, the softest thing is a child’s caress and the most precious is honesty.”
The day came when the two brothers were to return before the Emperor. They were led into his presence. The Emperor was curious to hear what they had to say, but he roared with laughter at Dimitri’s foolish answers. However, when it was Ivan’s turn to speak, a frown spread over the Emperor’s face. The poor brother’s wise replies made him squirm, especially the last one, about
honesty, the most precious thing of all. The Emperor knew perfectly well that he had been dishonest in his dealings with the poor brother, for he had denied him justice. But he could not bear to admit it in front of his own counselors, so he angrily demanded:
“Who gave you these answers?” Ivan told the Emperor that it was his small daughter. Still annoyed, the great man said.
“You shall be rewarded for having such a wise and clever daughter. You shall be awarded the foal that your brother claimed, together with a hundred silver ducats… But… but…” and the Emperor winked at his counselors.
“You will come before me in seven days’ time, bringing your daughter. And since she’s so clever, she must appear before me neither naked nor dressed, neither on foot nor on horseback, neither bearing gifts nor empty-handed. And if she does this, you will have your reward. If not, you’ll have your head chopped off for your impudence!”
The onlookers began to laugh, knowing that the poor man would never to able to fulfill the Emperor’s conditions. Ivan went home in despair, his eyes brimming with tears. But when he had told his daughter what had happened, she calmly said.
“Tomorrow, go and catch a hare and a partridge. Both must be alive! You’ll have the foal and the hundred silver ducats! Leave it to me!” Ivan did as his daughter said. He had no idea what the two creatures were for, but he trusted in his daughter’s wisdom.
On the day of the audience with the Emperor, the palace was thronged with bystanders, waiting for Ivan and his small daughter to arrive. At last, the little girl appeared, draped in a fishing net, riding the hare and holding the partridge in her hand. She was neither naked nor dressed, on foot or on horseback. Scowling, the Emperor told her.
“I said neither bearing gifts nor empty-handed!” At these words, the little girl held out the partridge. The Emperor stretched out his hand to grasp it, but the bird fluttered into the air. The third condition had been fulfilled. In spite of himself, the Emperor could not help admiring the little girl who had so cleverly passed such a test, and in a gentler voice, he said.
“Is your father terribly poor, and does he desperately need the foal.”
“Oh, yes!” replied the little girl. “We live on the hares he catches in the rivers and the fish he picks from the trees!”
“Aha!” cried the Emperor triumphantly. “So you’re not as clever as you seem to be! Whoever heard of hares in the river and fish in the trees! To which the little girl swiftly replied.
“And whoever heard of a stallion having a foal?” At that, both Emperor and Court burst into peals of laughter. Ivan was immediately given his hundred silver ducats and the foal, and the Emperor proclaimed.
“Only in my kingdom could such a wise little girl be born!”
Dimitri was rather doubtful about the woman’s answers being correct. On the other hand, he had to take some kind of solution back to the Emperor. And he guessed, quite rightly, that if he didn’t, he would be punished.
In the meantime, Ivan, who was a widower, had gone back to the humble cottage where he lived with his small daughter. Only seven years old, the little girl was often left alone, and as a result, was thoughtful and very clever for her age. The poor man took the little girl into his confidence, for like his brother, he knew he would never be able to find the answers by himself. The child sat in silence for a moment, then firmly said.
“Tell the Emperor that the fastest thing in the world is the cold north wind in winter. The fattest is the soil in our fields whose crops give life to men and animals alike, the softest thing is a child’s caress and the most precious is honesty.”
The day came when the two brothers were to return before the Emperor. They were led into his presence. The Emperor was curious to hear what they had to say, but he roared with laughter at Dimitri’s foolish answers. However, when it was Ivan’s turn to speak, a frown spread over the Emperor’s face. The poor brother’s wise replies made him squirm, especially the last one, about
honesty, the most precious thing of all. The Emperor knew perfectly well that he had been dishonest in his dealings with the poor brother, for he had denied him justice. But he could not bear to admit it in front of his own counselors, so he angrily demanded:
“Who gave you these answers?” Ivan told the Emperor that it was his small daughter. Still annoyed, the great man said.
“You shall be rewarded for having such a wise and clever daughter. You shall be awarded the foal that your brother claimed, together with a hundred silver ducats… But… but…” and the Emperor winked at his counselors.
“You will come before me in seven days’ time, bringing your daughter. And since she’s so clever, she must appear before me neither naked nor dressed, neither on foot nor on horseback, neither bearing gifts nor empty-handed. And if she does this, you will have your reward. If not, you’ll have your head chopped off for your impudence!”
The onlookers began to laugh, knowing that the poor man would never to able to fulfill the Emperor’s conditions. Ivan went home in despair, his eyes brimming with tears. But when he had told his daughter what had happened, she calmly said.
“Tomorrow, go and catch a hare and a partridge. Both must be alive! You’ll have the foal and the hundred silver ducats! Leave it to me!” Ivan did as his daughter said. He had no idea what the two creatures were for, but he trusted in his daughter’s wisdom.
On the day of the audience with the Emperor, the palace was thronged with bystanders, waiting for Ivan and his small daughter to arrive. At last, the little girl appeared, draped in a fishing net, riding the hare and holding the partridge in her hand. She was neither naked nor dressed, on foot or on horseback. Scowling, the Emperor told her.
“I said neither bearing gifts nor empty-handed!” At these words, the little girl held out the partridge. The Emperor stretched out his hand to grasp it, but the bird fluttered into the air. The third condition had been fulfilled. In spite of himself, the Emperor could not help admiring the little girl who had so cleverly passed such a test, and in a gentler voice, he said.
“Is your father terribly poor, and does he desperately need the foal.”
“Oh, yes!” replied the little girl. “We live on the hares he catches in the rivers and the fish he picks from the trees!”
“Aha!” cried the Emperor triumphantly. “So you’re not as clever as you seem to be! Whoever heard of hares in the river and fish in the trees! To which the little girl swiftly replied.
“And whoever heard of a stallion having a foal?” At that, both Emperor and Court burst into peals of laughter. Ivan was immediately given his hundred silver ducats and the foal, and the Emperor proclaimed.
“Only in my kingdom could such a wise little girl be born!”
2. Teks Descriptive
Teks yang mendeskripsikan benda, orang, tempat, secara spesifik.
Generic Structure nya: Identification – Description
Identification berisi: Identifikasi tentang topik yang akan dideskripsikan, misalnya: I have many pets, but my favourite one is a cat.
Description berisi: deskripsi rinci tentang bagian – bagiannya, misalnya tentang physical appearance (ciri – ciri fisik), sifat – sifatnya (characteristics)dll.
Contoh judul teks deskriptif:
Hi friends! This is my friend Miranda. She comes from Sulawesi. She
was born in Makasar on June 12, 1980. her hobbies are singing and
swimming. She also likes planting flowers very much. She lives at 12
Jalan Jaya. She lives together with her parents and two sisters. They
are Mr. and Mrs Yudhatama, Sherina and Tiara.Generic Structure nya: Identification – Description
Identification berisi: Identifikasi tentang topik yang akan dideskripsikan, misalnya: I have many pets, but my favourite one is a cat.
Description berisi: deskripsi rinci tentang bagian – bagiannya, misalnya tentang physical appearance (ciri – ciri fisik), sifat – sifatnya (characteristics)dll.
Contoh judul teks deskriptif:
Miranda studies at SMP 7. Her older sister is in the first year
of SMA, and Tiara is still in SD. They all love one another.
3. Teks Procedure
Teks yang menjelaskan atau memberi petunjuk cara/langkah – langkah membuat atau melakukan sesuatu.
Generic Structure: Aim/Goal – Materials/Tools – Steps/Methods
Aim/Goal, misalnya: How to make Brownies Cake
Materials berisi: bahan – bahan dan atau alat – alat untuk membuat Brownies tersebut
Note: Materials are not required for all Procedure text
Steps/Methods berisi: langkah – langkah membuat Brownies
Contoh Teks Procedure:Generic Structure: Aim/Goal – Materials/Tools – Steps/Methods
Aim/Goal, misalnya: How to make Brownies Cake
Materials berisi: bahan – bahan dan atau alat – alat untuk membuat Brownies tersebut
Note: Materials are not required for all Procedure text
Steps/Methods berisi: langkah – langkah membuat Brownies
How to make Lemonade
Ingredients:
For each glass use:
- 2 tablespoons of lemon juice.
- 2 tablespoons of sugar.
- 1 glass of water
Methods:
1. Slice a lemon in half and squeeze the juice into a cup.
2. Take out the seeds.
3. Pour two tablespoons of juice into glass.
4. Add sugar
5. Add water and stir well
6. Taste the lemonade. You may want to add more sugar or more lemon to make it taste just right
7. Put it in ice cubes. A drop of red food coloring will make pink lemonade
atau :
HOW TO MAKE PEANUT CRUNCH
What you’ll need :
v 1 cup of peanuts
v 3 cups of brown sugar
v 2 tablespoons of vinegar
v 1 cup of water
What to do :
Place the sugar, water and vinegar into a large saucepan.
Stir slowly over a low heat until the sugar is disolved
Add peanuts , increase the heat and allow to boil
Remove from the heat when the nuts have craked and the mixture appears golden brown
Allow bubbles to settle
Spoon into small paper patty cases or pour the mixture into a flat greased pan and mark into bite-size pieces.
Makes enough Peanut Crunch for six people
4. Teks Recount
Teks yang berisi kejadian/ pengalaman di waktu lampau.Generic Structure: Orientation – Even(s)
Orientation berisi: Pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu.
Event (s) berisi: Kejadian/Peristiwa – peristiwa yang terjadi.
Re-orientation(Optional/Tidak harus ada): Ungkapan pribadi penulis atau penutup dari cerita.
Contoh Teks Recount:
CLASS PICNIC
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic
First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o’clock we left for school.
We had a great day.
Atau :
An Excursion to the Botanical Garden
On Thursday 24 April we went to the Botanical Garden. We walked down and boarded the bus.
After we arrived at the garden, we walked down to the Education Centre. The third grade students went to have alook around. First, we went to the first farm and Mrs. James read us some information. Then, we looked at all the lovely plants. After that we went down to a little spot on the Botanical Garden and had a morning tea break.
Next, we did sketching and then we met the fourth grade students at the Education Centre to have lunch. Soon after that, it was time for us to go and make our terrariums while the fourth year students went to have a walk.
A lady took us into a special room and introduced herself. Then she explained what we were going to do. Next, she took us to a pyramid terrarium. It was really interesting.
After we had finished, we met the fourth grade students outside the gardens. Then we reboarded the bus and returned to school.
5. Teks Report
Teks yang isinya menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala- gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum misalnya tentang rumah sederhana dengan mendekripsikan ciri-ciri subyek tersebut sehingga layak dikategorikan rumah sederhana.Generic Structure: General Classification – Description
General Classification berisi: Klasifikasi suatu fenomena (binatang, public places, tanaman, dll) yang akan didiskusikan/ dilaporkan secara umum .
Description berisi: Gambaran dari fenomena yang akan didiskusikan seperti bagian – bagiannya, kebiasaan atau tingkah laku jika benda hidup, kegunaannya jika non natural.
Contoh Teks Report:
The heart is the most important part of the body. It is the center of life. However, the heart is only as big as a closed hand.
The heart is a muscle and it beats about seventy times per minute throughthout a person’s life.
The heart pumps blood from your heart to all parts of your body. The heart is made up of four chambers or small “rooms”. The top chamber are called the right and left auriclesand the botttom chambers are the right and left ventricles.
When blood enters the heart. It is in dark reddish color because it countains carbon dioxide. The blood enters the right auricle and then the right ventricle. When the heart contracts, it forces the blood to the lungs where the blood receives oxygen. It then goes to the left auricle. The heart contracts again, and the blood goes to the left ventricle and is then forced out into the body. The blood gathers carbon dioxide and returns to the heart, and the process begins again.
6. Spoof
Once Upon A Time 3 (three) women (people of Java, Manado and Papua) to fly from Jayapura to Jakarta.
Suddenly the plane trip amid shaky and it feels like fall.
Instantly Javanese woman had taken the powder and lipstick to dress up pretty, her friend on the confused and
asked, “Why koq grooming?”
He said, “Ordinary if the plane would fall that first helped her the most beautiful.”
Aehhh Menado woman next to them .. can not accept, then she lift her skirt up high.
Friend next to them asked, “Why do you lift the skirt up high so?”
He replied, “Ordinary when the first plane crash that helped her white thighs and white. “
Hehhh .. Papuan women are emotional to hear the two friends next to them babble.
She then undressed and naked bulattt … .. …. everything was black.
His two friends were surprised and asked, “Why so naked?”
With lightly he replied,
“Usually if a plane crashes the most sought my first BLACK BOX.”
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